Brain networks reveal the effects of antipsychotic drugs on schizophrenia patients and controls

TL;DR

This study uses brain network analysis from fMRI data to show how antipsychotic drugs affect schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, revealing differences in network architecture and behavioral outcomes.

Contribution

First to assess the impact of different antipsychotic medications on brain network architecture and behavior in both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.

Findings

Schizophrenia patients show increased network efficiency and reduced clustering.

Antipsychotic drugs shift patient networks towards healthy patterns.

Aripiprazole significantly alters healthy brain networks and impairs cognitive performance.

Abstract

The study of brain networks, including derived from functional neuroimaging data, attracts broad interest and represents a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field. Comparing networks of healthy volunteers with those of patients can potentially offer new, quantitative diagnostic methods, and a framework for better understanding brain and mind disorders. We explore resting state fMRI data through network measures, and demonstrate that not only is there a distinctive network architecture in the healthy brain that is disrupted in schizophrenia, but also that both networks respond to medication. We construct networks representing 15 healthy individuals and 12 schizophrenia patients (males and females), all of whom are administered three drug treatments: (i) a placebo; and two antipsychotic medications (ii) aripiprazole and; (iii) sulpiride. We first reproduce the established finding that brain networks of schizophrenia patients exhibit increased efficiency and reduced clustering compared to controls. Our data then reveals that the antipsychotic medications mitigate this effect, shifting the metrics towards those observed in healthy volunteers, with a marked difference in efficacy between the two drugs. Additionally, we find that aripiprazole considerably alters the network statistics of healthy controls. Using a test of cognitive ability, we establish that aripiprazole also adversely affects their performance. This provides evidence that changes to macroscopic brain network architecture result in measurable behavioural differences. This is the first time different medications have been assessed in this way. Our results lay the groundwork for an objective methodology with which to calculate and compare the efficacy of different treatments of mind and brain disorders.