Hydrogen Radio Recombination Line Emission from M51 and NGC628

TL;DR

This study reports the detection of hydrogen radio recombination lines from two normal galaxies, M51 and NGC628, demonstrating the feasibility of using RRLs to measure star formation rates in galaxies similar to the Milky Way with current and future radio telescopes.

Contribution

First detection of RRL emission from normal, non-starburst galaxies using GBT, showing potential for measuring SFRs unaffected by dust extinction.

Findings

Detected RRLs from M51 and NGC628 with GBT.

Estimated SFRs consistent with other measurements.

Future telescopes will enable large-scale RRL studies of galaxies.

Abstract

We report the discovery of hydrogen radio recombination line (RRL) emission from two galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) similar to that of the Milky Way: M51 and NGC628. We use the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) to measure $\sim$15 Hn$\alpha$ recombination transitions simultaneously and average these data to improve our spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We show that our data can be used to estimate the total ionizing photon flux of these two sources, and we derive their SFRs within the GBT beam: $\Psi_{\rm OB} = 3.46$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ for M51 and $\Psi_{\rm OB} = 0.56$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ for NGC628. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to detect RRLs from normal galaxies that are not undergoing a starburst with current instrumentation and reasonable integration times ($\sim$12 hr for each source). We also show that we can characterize the overall star-forming properties of M51 and NGC628, although the GBT beam cannot resolve individual HII region complexes. Our results suggest that future instruments, such as the Square Kilometre Array and the Next Generation Very Large Array, will be able to detect RRL emission from a multitude of Milky Way-like galaxies, making it possible to determine SFRs of normal galaxies unaffected by extinction and to measure global star formation properties in the local universe.