Study of radon reduction in gases for rare event search experiments

TL;DR

This study investigates radon adsorption in noble gases using various charcoals to optimize purification systems for rare event detectors like dark matter experiments.

Contribution

It provides detailed measurements of radon adsorption parameters on different charcoals, identifying nitric acid etched Saratech as the most effective material for radon reduction in xenon detectors.

Findings

Radon adsorption coefficients increase as temperature decreases.

Nitric acid etched Saratech effectively reduces radon in xenon detectors.

Adsorption in nitrogen and argon follows Arrhenius law, unlike in xenon.

Abstract

The noble elements, argon and xenon, are frequently employed as the target and event detector for weakly interacting particles such as neutrinos and Dark Matter. For such rare processes, background radiation must be carefully minimized. Radon provides one of the most significant contaminants since it is an inevitable product of trace amounts of natural uranium. To design a purification system for reducing such contamination, the adsorption characteristics of radon in nitrogen, argon, and xenon carrier gases on various types of charcoals with different adsorbing properties and intrinsic radioactive purities have been studied in the temperature range of 190-295 K at flow rates of 0.5 and 2 standard liters per minute. Essential performance parameters for the various charcoals include the average breakthrough times ($\tau$), dynamic adsorption coefficients (k$_a$) and the number of theoretical stages (n). It is shown that the k$_a$-values for radon in nitrogen, argon, and xenon increase as the temperature of the charcoal traps decreases, and that they are significantly larger in nitrogen and argon than in xenon gas due to adsorption saturation effects. It is found that, unlike in xenon, the dynamic adsorption coefficients for radon in nitrogen and argon strictly obey the Arrhenius law. The experimental results strongly indicate that nitric acid etched Saratech is the best candidate among all used charcoal brands. It allows reducing total radon concentration in the LZ liquid Xe detector to meet the ultimate goal in the search for Dark Matter.