Lower bound on the number of periodic solutions for asymptotically linear planar Hamiltonian systems

TL;DR

This paper establishes a lower bound on the number of periodic solutions in asymptotically linear planar Hamiltonian systems using topological methods, with results applicable to second-order ODEs with linear-like behavior.

Contribution

It provides a new lower bound for the number of periodic solutions based on Maslov indices, combining Poincaré–Birkhoff theorem and topological degree techniques.

Findings

At least |i_infinity - i_0| periodic solutions exist.

An additional solution exists if i_0 is even.

Results are sharp and extend to second-order ODEs with linear-like behavior.

Abstract

In this work we prove the lower bound for the number of $T$-periodic solutions of an asymptotically linear planar Hamiltonian system. Precisely, we show that such a system, $T$-periodic in time, with $T$-Maslov indices $i_0,i_\infty$ at the origin and at infinity, has at least $|i_\infty-i_0|$ periodic solutions, and an additional one if $i_0$ is even. Our argument combines the Poincar\'e--Birkhoff Theorem with an application of topological degree. We illustrate the sharpness of our result, and extend it to the case of second orders ODEs with linear-like behaviour at zero and infinity.