Formation of topological vortices during superfluid transition in a rotating vessel

TL;DR

This paper proposes a modified Kibble mechanism to explain the biased formation of vortices over antivortices during superfluid transitions in rotating vessels, with testable predictions and implications for astrophysics and QCD phases.

Contribution

It introduces a new version of the Kibble mechanism tailored for rotating superfluid systems, explaining vortex bias during phase transitions.

Findings

Predicts a net bias in vortex formation in rotating superfluid helium-4.

Provides testable experimental predictions for superfluid helium-4.

Implications for superfluid phases in neutron stars and rotating QCD matter.

Abstract

Formation of topological defects during symmetry breaking phase transitions via the {\it Kibble mechanism} is extensively used in systems ranging from condensed matter physics to the early stages of the universe. Kibble mechanism uses topological arguments and predicts equal probabilities for the formation of defects and anti-defects. Certain situations, however, require a net bias in the production of defects (or antidefects) during the transition, for example, superfluid transition in a rotating vessel, or flux tubes formation in a superconducting transition in the presence of external magnetic field. In this paper we present a modified Kibble mechanism for a specific system, $^4$He superfluid transition in a rotating vessel, which can produce the required bias of vortices over antivortices. Our results make distinctive predictions which can be tested in superfluid $^4$He experiments. These results also have important implications for superfluid phase transitions in rotating neutron stars and also for any superfluid phases of QCD arising in the non-central low energy heavy-ion collision experiment due to an overall rotation.