Women are slightly more cooperative than men (in one-shot Prisoner's dilemma games played online)

TL;DR

This study analyzes a large dataset of online one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma games to show that women are slightly more cooperative than men, with a small but statistically significant effect size.

Contribution

It provides comprehensive evidence from a large, diverse sample demonstrating gender differences in cooperation in a controlled online setting.

Findings

Women are about 4% more cooperative than men.

The gender difference is statistically significant (p<.0001).

The effect size explains previous mixed results.

Abstract

Differences between men and women have intrigued generations of social scientists, who have found that the two sexes behave differently in settings requiring competition, risk taking, altruism, honesty, as well as many others. Yet, little is known about whether there are gender differences in cooperative behavior. Previous evidence is mixed and inconclusive. Here I shed light on this topic by analyzing the totality of studies that my research group has conducted since 2013. This is a dataset of 10,951 observations coming from 7,322 men and women living in the US, recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, and who passed four comprehension questions to make sure they understand the cooperation problem (a one-shot prisoner's dilemma). The analysis demonstrates that women are more cooperative than men. The effect size is small (about 4 percentage points, and this might explain why previous studies failed to detect it) but highly significant (p<.0001).