The Star Formation History in the M31 Bulge

TL;DR

This study uses advanced imaging techniques to analyze the stellar populations in the M31 bulge, revealing a predominantly old, metal-rich population with evidence of recent star formation activity.

Contribution

It introduces a deconvolution-based photometry method that outperforms DOLPHOT in crowded regions, providing detailed star formation history of the M31 bulge.

Findings

Majority of stars are older than 5 Gyr and metal-rich.

Star formation decreased then increased around 1 Gyr ago.

Recent star formation occurred within the last 500 Myr.

Abstract

We present the study of stellar populations in the central 5.5' (~1.2 kpc) of the M31 bulge by using the optical color magnitude diagram derived from HST ACS WFC/HRC observations. In order to enhance image quality and then obtain deeper photometry, we construct Nyquist-sampled images and use a deconvolution method to detect sources and measure their photometry. We demonstrate that our method performs better than DOLPHOT in the extremely crowded region. The resolved stars in the M31 bulge have been divided into nine annuli and the color magnitude diagram fitting is performed for each of them. We confirm that the majority of stars (> 70%) in the M31 bulge are indeed very old (>5 Gyr) and metal-rich ([Fe/H] > 0.3). At later times, the star formation rate decreased and then experienced a significant rise around 1 Gyr ago, which pervaded the entire M31 bulge. After that, stars formed at less than 500 Myr ago in the central 130". Through simulation, we find that these intermediate-age stars cannot be the artifacts introduced by the blending effect. Our results suggest that although the majority of the M31 bulge are very old, the secular evolutionary process still continuously builds up the M31 bulge slowly. We compare our star formation history with an older analysis derived from the spectral energy distribution fitting, which suggests that the latter one is still a reasonable tool for the study of stellar populations in remote galaxies.