On ocean ecosystem discrete time dynamics generated by $\ell$-Volterra operators

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a discrete-time ocean ecosystem model using $ ext{l}$-Volterra operators, identifying conditions for fixed points and demonstrating that all trajectories converge regardless of initial conditions.

Contribution

It establishes conditions under which the nonlinear operator reduces to an $ ext{l}$-Volterra quadratic stochastic operator and proves the convergence of all trajectories.

Findings

Operator can have up to three fixed points or a countable set.

Fixed points can be attracting, repelling, or saddle.

All trajectories converge, indicating the system is regular.

Abstract

We consider a discrete-time dynamical system generated by a nonlinear operator (with four real parameters $a,b,c,d$) of ocean ecosystem. We find conditions on the parameters under which the operator is reduced to a $\ell$-Volterra quadratic stochastic operator mapping two-dimensional simplex to itself. We show that if $cd(c+d)=0$ then (under some conditions on $a,b$) this $\ell$-Volterra operator may have up to three or a countable set of fixed points; if $cd(c+d)\ne 0$ then the operator has up to three fixed points. Depending on the parameters the fixed points may be attracting, repelling or saddle points. The limit behaviors of trajectories of the dynamical system are studied. It is shown that independently on values of parameters and on initial (starting) point all trajectories converge. Thus the operator (dynamical system) is regular. We give some biological interpretations of our results.