Empirically determined dilution factors of stripped-envelope, core-collapse SNe: Paper I - Method & Progenitor constraints

TL;DR

This paper empirically derives dilution factors for various types of stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae to aid in model-independent distance measurements and progenitor analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a method for calculating dilution factors from observational data and compares them with synthetic models, providing new insights into supernova progenitors and explosion mechanisms.

Findings

Empirical dilution factors for SE-SNe types are derived from observational data.

Dilution factors of SNe Ic and GRB-SNe are very similar.

Relativistic SNe IcBL have different dilution factors, indicating different progenitors.

Abstract

In this work, the empirically derived dilution/correct factors of a sample stripped-envelope, core-collapse supernovae (SE-SNe), including five SNe IIb, four SNe Ib, six SNe Ic and two relativistic broad-lined type Ic supernovae (SNe IcBL) are presented. The ultimate goal of this project is to derive model-free distances to the host galaxy of one or more gamma-ray burst supernova (GRB-SN), and to exploit their observed luminosity$-$decline relationship by employing them as cosmological probes. In the first part of a two-paper analysis, I present my method for deriving the dilution factors of the SE-SN sample, which were chosen on the basis that cosmological-model-independent distances exist to their host galaxies, and each has a sufficient dataset that allows for host-subtracted, dereddened rest-frame $BVI$ LCs to be constructed, and time-series spectra. A Planck function was fit to the data to derive the blackbody radius and blackbody temperature as a function of time, while the blueshifted velocity of either Si II $\lambda$6355 or Fe II $\lambda$5169 was used a proxy of the photospheric velocity, and hence photospheric radius. The ratio of these empirically derived radii was taken as the dilution/correct factor. I then compared the empirically derived dilution factors with synthetic values obtained from radiative transfer models calculated for SE-SNe arising from binary systems. It is seen that the empirical dilution factors of the SNe Ic and GRB-SNe, the latter which were derived based on luminosity distances calculated from their spectroscopic redshift, are very similar. It is found that the dilution factors of the two relativistic SN IcBL are very different to those of the GRB-SNe, meaning that these engine-driven events may arise from fundamentally different progenitor systems.