The role of molecular gas in the nuclear regions of IRAS 00183-7111. ALMA and X-ray investigations of an ultraluminous infrared galaxy

TL;DR

This study investigates the molecular gas's role in obscuring the active nucleus of the ULIRG IRAS 00183-7111 using ALMA and X-ray data, revealing complex nuclear structures and partial gas contribution to obscuration.

Contribution

First multi-frequency analysis combining ALMA and X-ray data to assess molecular gas's impact on AGN obscuration in a ULIRG.

Findings

Molecular gas column density is about 8×10^{21} cm^{-2}.

X-ray spectral fitting indicates higher cold gas column density (~7×10^{22} cm^{-2}).

Nuclear regions are stratified with ionized inner and cold outer layers, and vigorous star formation.

Abstract

We present a multi-frequency study of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) IRAS 00183-7111 (z=0.327), selected from the Spoon diagnostic diagram as a highly obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidate. ALMA Cycle 0 millimetre and X-ray observations are used; the main aim is to verify at what level the molecular gas, traced by the CO, may be responsible for the obscuration observed at X-ray energies. Theory and observations both suggest that galaxy-scale absorption may play a role in the AGN obscuration at intermediate (i.e. Compton-thin) column densities. We derived a molecular gas column density of $(8.0\pm0.9)\times10^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ from the ALMA CO$_{(1-0)}$ detection, while the best-fit column density of cold gas obtained from X-ray spectral fitting is $6.8^{+2.1}_{-1.5}\times10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$. The two quantities suggest that the molecular gas may contribute only a fraction of the AGN obscuration; however, the link between them is not straightforward. The nuclear regions of IRAS 00183-7111 are likely stratified into different layers of matter: one inner and highly ionized by the strong radiation field of the AGN (as inferred from the high-ionization iron line found in the X-ray spectra), and one outer and colder, extending more than 5~kpc from the nucleus (as traced by the molecular gas observed with ALMA). The molecular gas regions also give rise to a vigorous starburst with SFR$\sim260\pm28$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. The complexity of this nuclear environment makes it difficult to identify the origin of the AGN obscuration given the quality of the data currently available. Higher resolution observations in the millimetre regime are needed to deeply investigate this issue.