Gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies

TL;DR

This paper models the gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries in high-redshift ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, revealing constraints on merger rates based on pulsar timing array data.

Contribution

It provides a novel analysis of GWB contributions from ULIRGs at high redshift and constrains SMBH merger fractions using PTA upper limits.

Findings

GWB amplitude peaks at z>1.5, unaffected by delays up to 10 Gyrs.

High-z ULIRGs' SMBH mergers are limited to less than 20% of possible binaries.

Results suggest a low fraction of ULIRGs' SMBHs merge within a Hubble time.

Abstract

Gravitational waves (GWs) in the nano-hertz band are great tools for understanding the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei. We consider SMBH binaries in high-$z$ ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) as sources of a stochastic GW background (GWB). ULIRGs are likely associated with gas-rich galaxy mergers containing SMBHs that possibly occur at most once in the life of galaxies, unlike multiple dry mergers at low redshift. Adopting a well-established sample of ULIRGs, we study the properties of the GWB due to coalescing binary SMBHs in these galaxies. Since the ULIRG population peaks at $z>1.5$, the amplitude of the GWB is not affected even if BH mergers are delayed by as long as $\sim $ 10 Gyrs. Despite the rarity of the high-$z$ ULIRGs, we find a tension with the upper limits from Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments. This result suggests that if a fraction $f_{\rm m,gal}$ of ULIRGs are associated with SMBH binaries, then no more than $20 f_{\rm m,gal}(\lambda_{\rm Edd}/0.3)^{5/3}(t_{\rm life}/30~{\rm Myr})~\%$ of the binary SMBHs in ULIRGs can merge within a Hubble time, for plausible values of the Eddington ratio of ULIRGs ($\lambda_{\rm Edd}$) and their lifetime ($t_{\rm life}$).