Primordial Regular Black Holes: Thermodynamics and Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper explores the idea that stable, non-singular primordial black holes, formed after inflation, could constitute dark matter, with their thermodynamics influenced by loop quantum gravity, and quantifies the matter conversion needed for dark matter abundance.

Contribution

It introduces a model of extremal regular primordial black holes based on loop quantum gravity, linking their formation, thermodynamics, and role as dark matter candidates.

Findings

Black holes have zero temperature and are stable due to quantum gravity effects.

A small fraction of relativistic matter can account for dark matter.

Primordial black holes formed after inflation can evolve to explain dark matter abundance.

Abstract

The possibility that dark matter particles could be constituted by extreme regular primordial black holes is discussed. Extreme black holes have zero surface temperature, and are not subjected to the Hawking evaporation process. Assuming that the common horizon radius of these black holes is fixed by the minimum distance that is derived from the Riemann invariant computed from loop quantum gravity, the masses of these non-singular stable black holes are of the order of the Planck mass. However, if they are formed just after inflation, during reheating, their initial masses are about six orders of magnitude higher. After a short period of growth by the accretion of relativistic matter, they evaporate until reaching the extreme solution. Only a fraction of $3.8 \times 10^{-22}$ of relativistic matter is required to be converted into primordial black holes (PBHs) in order to explain the present abundance of dark matter particles.