Dichotomy Results for Classified Rank-Maximal Matchings and Popular Matchings

TL;DR

This paper investigates optimal matchings in bipartite graphs with preferences, capacities, and classifications, providing efficient algorithms for laminar cases and proving NP-hardness for non-laminar cases, along with a dichotomy for popular matchings.

Contribution

It introduces a polynomial-time algorithm for rank-maximal matchings with laminar classifications and establishes NP-hardness for non-laminar cases, also presenting a dichotomy for popular matchings.

Findings

Polynomial-time algorithm for laminar classifications

NP-hardness for non-laminar classifications

Dichotomy result for popular matchings

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the problem of computing an optimal matching in a bipartite graph where elements of one side of the bipartition specify preferences over the other side, and one or both sides can have capacities and classifications. The input instance is a bipartite graph G=(A U P,E), where A is a set of applicants, P is a set of posts, and each applicant ranks its neighbors in an order of preference, possibly involving ties. Moreover, each vertex v in A U P has a quota q(v) denoting the maximum number of partners it can have in any allocation of applicants to posts - referred to as a {\em matching} in this paper. A classification for a vertex u is a collection of subsets of neighbors of u. Each subset (class) has an upper quota denoting the maximum number of vertices from the class that can be matched to u. The goal is to find a matching that is optimal amongst all the feasible matchings, which are matchings that respect quotas of all the vertices and classes. We consider two well-studied notions of optimality namely popularity and rank-maximality. The notion of rank-maximality involves finding a matching in $G$ with maximum number of rank-$1$ edges, subject to that, maximum number of rank-2 edges and so on. We present an O(|E|^2)-time algorithm for finding a feasible rank-maximal matching, when each classification is a laminar family. We complement this with an NP-hardness result when classes are non-laminar even under strict preference lists, and even when only posts have classifications, and each applicant has a quota of one. We show an analogous dichotomy result for computing a popular matching amongst feasible matchings (if one exists) in a bipartite graph with posts having capacities and classifications and applicants having a quota of one.