Bose-Einstein Condensation in nonuniform rotation

TL;DR

This paper investigates Bose-Einstein condensation under non-uniform rotation, revealing unique vortex patterns and phase transitions distinct from uniform rotation cases, using a modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

Contribution

It introduces a model for BEC with radially decreasing rotation and demonstrates novel vortex formations and phase transition behavior not seen in uniform rotation scenarios.

Findings

Vortices form in circular ring shapes above a critical rotation parameter.

Sharp changes in energy and chemical potential occur at the critical point.

A phase diagram illustrates the transition from disordered to ring-shaped vortex patterns.

Abstract

In this work, we would like to present the Bose-Einstein Condensation in such a system where rotation is decreasing radially from the centre of the condensate. That non-uniform rotation is defined by a rotating parameter called $\lambda$. The system is defined by a modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The result shows very different behaviour from uniformly rotating condensate. In a uniformly rotating case there is formation triangular vortex lattice but in our case, we are watching that vortices are formed in circular ring shape above a specific amount rotation defined by $\lambda_c$. Below $\lambda_c$ there is a distortion i.e. there is neither circular ring shape nor triangular symmetry among the vortices. We have studied the energy and chemical potential of the system. We have seen a sharp change in the energy and chemical potential of the systems at the point of $\lambda_c$. In this rich complex phase, we have drawn a phase diagram associated with the phase transition from disordered to circular ring shape pattern.