The Type IIn Supernova 2010bt: The Explosion of a Star in Outburst

TL;DR

SN 2010bt was a Type IIn supernova resulting from a massive star that experienced an outburst prior to explosion, with observations indicating a dense circumstellar environment and a rapid decline in luminosity.

Contribution

This study provides detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of SN 2010bt, identifying its progenitor as a luminous star in an active phase before explosion.

Findings

Progenitor was a very luminous star (~7 log L_sun) prior to explosion.

SN 2010bt exhibited rapid luminosity decline after maximum light.

Progenitor likely experienced an outburst shortly before the supernova event.

Abstract

It is well known that massive stars (M > 8 M_sun) evolve up to the collapse of the stellar core, resulting in most cases as a supernova (SN) explosion. Their heterogeneity is related mainly to different configurations of the progenitor star at the moment of the explosion, and to their immediate environments. We present photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2010bt, which was classified as a Type IIn SN from a spectrum obtained soon after discovery and was observed extensively for about two months. After the seasonal interruption owing to its proximity to the Sun, the SN was below the detection threshold, indicative of a rapid luminosity decline. We can identify the likely progenitor with a very luminous star (log L/L_sun ~ 7) through comparison of Hubble Space Telescope images of the host galaxy prior to explosion with those of the SN obtained after maximum light. Such a luminosity is not expected for a quiescent star, but rather for a massive star in an active phase. This progenitor candidate was later confirmed via images taken in 2015 (~ 5 yr post-discovery), in which no bright point source was detected at the SN position. Given these results and the SN behavior, we conclude that SN 2010bt was likely a Type IIn SN and that its progenitor was a massive star that experienced an outburst shortly before the final explosion, leading to a dense H-rich circumstellar environment around the SN progenitor.