Electrical Detection of Single Graphene Plasmons

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel electrical detection method for single plasmons in graphene nanostructures, enabling on-chip, optics-free plasmon sensing with potential applications in integrated nanoplasmonic devices.

Contribution

It introduces a new scheme for detecting single graphene plasmons electrically using nanostructures, with predicted measurable current increases.

Findings

Twofold increase in electrical current due to single plasmon excitation

Detection range tunable via doping or nanostructure size

Detection persists for about a picosecond after plasmon decay

Abstract

Plasmons --the collective oscillations of electrons in conducting materials-- play a pivotal role in nanophotonics because of their ability to couple electronic and photonic degrees of freedom. In particular, plasmons in graphene --the atomically thin carbon material-- offer strong spatial confinement and long lifetimes, accompanied by extraordinary optoelectronic properties derived from its peculiar electronic band structure. Understandably, this material has generated great expectations for its application to enhanced integrated devices. However, an efficient scheme for detecting graphene plasmons remains a challenge. Here we show that extremely compact graphene nanostructures are capable of realizing on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons. Specifically, we predict a twofold increase in the electrical current across a graphene nanostructure junction caused by the excitation of a single plasmon. This effect, which is due to the increase in electron temperature following plasmon decay, should persist during a picosecond time interval characteristic of electron-gas relaxation. We further show that a broad spectral detection range is accessible either by electrically doping the junction or by varying the size of the nanostructure. The proposed graphene plasmometer could find application as a basic component of future optics-free integrated nanoplasmonic devices.