Strongly magnetized pulsars: explosive events and evolution

TL;DR

This paper reviews how strong magnetic fields in neutron stars, especially magnetars, influence their evolution, emissions, and explosive phenomena, highlighting recent observational and theoretical advances in understanding these effects.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of recent findings on the role of magnetic fields in neutron star behavior and proposes a unification scheme for their various observational manifestations.

Findings

Magnetic fields can dominate the energy budget of neutron stars.

Magnetars exhibit explosive events driven by their magnetic fields.

Magnetic energy influences neutron star emissions and evolution.

Abstract

Well before the radio discovery of pulsars offered the first observational confirmation for their existence (Hewish et al., 1968), it had been suggested that neutron stars might be endowed with very strong magnetic fields of $10^{10}$-$10^{14}$G (Hoyle et al., 1964; Pacini, 1967). It is because of their magnetic fields that these otherwise small ed inert, cooling dead stars emit radio pulses and shine in various part of the electromagnetic spectrum. But the presence of a strong magnetic field has more subtle and sometimes dramatic consequences: In the last decades of observations indeed, evidence mounted that it is likely the magnetic field that makes of an isolated neutron star what it is among the different observational manifestations in which they come. The contribution of the magnetic field to the energy budget of the neutron star can be comparable or even exceed the available kinetic energy. The most magnetised neutron stars in particular, the magnetars, exhibit an amazing assortment of explosive events, underlining the importance of their magnetic field in their lives. In this chapter we review the recent observational and theoretical achievements, which not only confirmed the importance of the magnetic field in the evolution of neutron stars, but also provide a promising unification scheme for the different observational manifestations in which they appear. We focus on the role of their magnetic field as an energy source behind their persistent emission, but also its critical role in explosive events.