O(6) algebraic theory of three nonrelativistic quarks bound by spin-independent interactions

TL;DR

This paper develops an algebraic O(6) hyperspherical harmonic approach to solve the three-quark bound state problem with various spin-independent potentials, providing analytic and numerical results that clarify longstanding spectral ordering debates.

Contribution

It introduces a novel O(6) hyperspherical harmonic framework for three-quark systems, enabling analytic solutions and resolving spectral ordering controversies in confining potentials.

Findings

Resolved the Taxil and Richard vs. Bowler et al. controversy.

Provided analytic eigen-energy formulas for K=2 to 5 shells.

Identified spectral differences between Δ- and Y-string potentials.

Abstract

We apply the newly developed theory of permutation-symmetric O(6) hyperspherical harmonics to the quantum-mechanical problem of three non-relativistic quarks confined by a spin-independent 3-quark potential. We use our previously derived results to reduce the three-body Schr\"odinger equation to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations in the hyper-radius $R$ with coupling coefficients expressed entirely in terms of (i) a few interaction-dependent O(6) expansion coefficients and (ii) O(6) hyperspherical harmonics matrix elements, that have been evaluated in our previous paper. This system of equations allows a solution to the eigenvalue problem with homogeneous 3-quark potentials, which class includes a number of standard Ans\"atze for the confining potentials, such as the Y- and $\Delta$-string ones. We present analytic formulae for the $K = 2, 3, 4, 5$ shell states' eigen-energies in homogeneous three-body potentials, which formulae we then apply to the Y- and $\Delta$-string, as well as the logarithmic confining potentials. We also present numerical results for power-law pair-wise potentials with the exponent ranging between -1 and +2. In the process we resolve the 25 year-old Taxil and Richard vs. Bowler et al. controversy regarding the ordering of states in the $K = 3$ shell, in favor of the former. Finally, we show the first clear difference between the spectra of $\Delta$- and Y-string potentials, which appears in $K \geq 3$ shells. Our results are generally valid, not just for confining potentials, but also for many momentum-independent permutation-symmetric homogenous potentials, that need not be pairwise sums of two-body terms. The potentials that can be treated in this way must be square-integrable under the O(6) hyperangular integral, however, which class does not include the Dirac $\delta$-function.