Acute lymphoblastic leukemia may develop as a result of rapid transformation of a lymphoblast triggered by repeated bone-remodeling during bone-growth

TL;DR

This paper proposes hypotheses linking repeated bone-remodeling during growth to the rapid transformation of lymphoblasts, potentially causing acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and certain adult leukemias through different transformation pathways.

Contribution

It introduces new hypotheses on how bone-remodeling may trigger lymphoid cell transformations leading to leukemia, emphasizing the role of rapid and accelerated pathways in disease development.

Findings

ALL may develop from rapid lymphoblast transformation in children.

Ph+-ALL and Ph-like ALL may result from accelerated transformation pathways.

Repeated bone-remodeling could be a trigger for lymphoblast transformation.

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are two major forms of leukemia that arise from lymphoid cells (LCs). ALL occurs mostly in children and CLL occurs mainly in old people. However, the Philadelphia-chromosome-positive ALL (Ph+-ALL) and the Ph-like ALL occur in both children and adults. To understand childhood leukemia/lymphoma, we have recently proposed two hypotheses on the causes and the mechanism of cell transformation of a LC. Hypothesis A is: repeated bone-remodeling during bone-growth and bone-repair may be a source of cell injuries of marrow cells including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), myeloid cells, and LCs. Hypothesis B is: a LC may have three pathways on transformation: a slow, a rapid, and an accelerated. We discuss in the present paper the developing mechanisms of ALL and CLL by these hypotheses. Having a peak incidence in young children, ALL may develop mainly as a result of rapid cell transformation of a lymphoblast (or pro-lymphocyte). Differently, Ph+-ALL and Ph-like ALL may develop as results of transformation of a lymphoblast via accelerated pathway. Occurring mainly in adults, CLL may be a result of transformation of a memory B-cell via slow pathway. By causing cell injuries of HSCs and LCs, repeated bone-remodeling during bone-growth and bone-repair may be related to the cell transformation of a LC. In conclusion, ALL may develop as a result of cell transformation of a lymphoblast via rapid or accelerated pathway; and repeated bone-remodeling during bone-growth may be a trigger for the cell transformation of a lymphoblast in a child.