Lax pairs, recursion operators and bi-Hamiltonian representations of (3+1)-dimensional Hirota type equations

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the integrability of certain (3+1)-dimensional PDEs by deriving Lax pairs, recursion operators, and bi-Hamiltonian structures, leading to five new integrable systems with explicit Hamiltonian formulations.

Contribution

The authors develop a method to transform symmetry conditions into a skew-factorized form, enabling the extraction of Lax pairs, recursion relations, and bi-Hamiltonian structures for (3+1)-dimensional PDEs with second-order derivatives.

Findings

All considered equations are integrable with explicit Lax pairs.

Derived recursion operators and bi-Hamiltonian structures for these equations.

Identified five new bi-Hamiltonian multi-parameter systems in (3+1) dimensions.

Abstract

We consider (3+1)-dimensional second-order evolutionary PDEs where the unknown $u$ enters only in the form of the 2nd-order partial derivatives. For such equations which possess a Lagrangian, we show that all of them have a symplectic Monge--Amp\`ere form and determine their Lagrangians. We develop a calculus for transforming the symmetry condition to a "skew-factorized" form from which we immediately extract Lax pairs and recursion relations for symmetries, thus showing that all such equations are integrable in the traditional sense. We convert these equations together with their Lagrangians to a two-component form and obtain recursion operators in a $2\times 2$ matrix form. We transform our equations from Lagrangian to Hamiltonian form by using the Dirac's theory of constraints. Composing recursion operators with the Hamiltonian operators we obtain the second Hamiltonian form of our systems, thus showing that they are bi-Hamiltonian systems integrable in the sense of Magri. By this approach, we obtain five new bi-Hamiltonian multi-parameter systems in (3+1) dimensions.