Stability of Half-Quantum Vortices in Equal-Spin Pairing States of $^3$He

TL;DR

This paper theoretically investigates the stability of half-quantum vortices in superfluid helium-3, revealing conditions under which they are favored in the polar phase within aerogels, contrasting with their stability in the bulk A phase.

Contribution

It introduces a higher order gradient term into the Ginzburg-Landau theory, explaining the enhanced stability of HQVs in the polar phase of superfluid helium-3 in aerogels.

Findings

HQVs are more stable in the polar phase than in the A phase.

Higher order gradient terms extend the polar phase at lower pressures.

Stability of HQVs is facilitated by phase diagram modifications.

Abstract

Recent experiments on superfluid $^3$He in globally anisotropic aerogels have shown realization of the polar superfluid phase and of the half-quantum vortices (HQVs) in this phase upon rotation. To clarify why the HQVs, which had not been detected clearly in the A phase of the bulk liquid, have been realized in the polar phase, we theoretically examine the relative stability of a HQV-pair against a single phase vortex in both the bulk A-phase and the polar phase in an aerogel. By taking care of important roles of a higher order gradient term, which assists the stability of HQVs but has never been incorporated so far in the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) approach, we find that several consequences, including the extension of the polar phase at lower pressures in the phase diagram, facilitate realization of the HQVs there in contrast to the case of the A phase in a slab geometry.