On Some Applications of Sakai's Geometric Theory of Discrete Painlev\'e Equations

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how Sakai's geometric classification of discrete Painlevé equations can be used to identify and transform complex equations into simpler canonical forms, illustrating the power of geometric methods in understanding these equations.

Contribution

The paper shows how Sakai's geometric approach can be applied to analyze and simplify complex discrete Painlevé equations through explicit coordinate transformations.

Findings

Identification of a complex dP equation with a canonical example

Explicit coordinate transformation between equations

Application of birational Weyl group representations

Abstract

Although the theory of discrete Painlev\'e (dP) equations is rather young, more and more examples of such equations appear in interesting and important applications. Thus, it is essential to be able to recognize these equations, to be able to identify their type, and to see where they belong in the classification scheme. The definite classification scheme for dP equations was proposed by H. Sakai, who used geometric ideas to identify 22 different classes of these equations. However, in a major contrast with the theory of ordinary differential Painlev\'e equations, there are infinitely many non-equivalent discrete equations in each class. Thus, there is no general form for a dP equation in each class, although some nice canonical examples in each equation class are known. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that, in addition to providing the classification scheme, the geometric ideas of Sakai give us a powerful tool to study dP equations. We consider a very complicated example of a dP equation that describes a simple Schlesinger transformation of a Fuchsian system and we show how this equation can be identified with a much simpler canonical example of the dP equation of the same type and moreover, we give an explicit change of coordinates transforming one equation into the other. Among our main tools are the birational representation of the affine Weyl symmetry group of the equation and the period map. Even though we focus on a concrete example, the techniques that we use are general and can be easily adapted to other examples.