Is the universe static?

TL;DR

This paper presents evidence from supernovae and gamma-ray bursts suggesting the universe may be static, challenging the standard expanding universe model and proposing Curvature Cosmology as an alternative.

Contribution

It provides observational evidence against time dilation in distant objects and critiques standard calibration methods, supporting a static universe hypothesis.

Findings

Supernova light curves show no significant time dilation.

Standard calibration methods are flawed, explaining previous null results.

Gamma-ray burst durations are consistent with no time dilation.

Abstract

A fundamental property of an expanding universe is that any time dependent characteristic of distant objects must appear to scale by the factor $(1+z$). This is called time dilation. Light curves of type Ia supernovae and the duration of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) are the only observations that can directly measure time dilation over a wide range of redshifts. An analysis of raw observations of 2,333 type Ia supernovae light-curves shows that their widths, relative to a standard template, have a power-law exponent as a function of ${(1+z)}$, of (0.083 +/- 0.024) which is consistent with no time dilation and inconsistent with standard time dilation. In addition, it is shown that the standard method for calibrating the type Ia supernovae light curves (SALT2) is flawed, which explains why this lack of time dilation has not been previously observed. \par Nearby observations show that the peak absolute magnitude of type Ia supernovae is also constant. Here it is shown that the peak absolute magnitude is independent of redshift if a static universe cosmology, Curvature Cosmology, is used to provide the distance moduli. Furthermore, it is explained why the modified $\Lambda$-CDM model provides similar results. \par Analysis of the duration of GRB shows that they are consistent with no time dilation and have no support for standard time dilation. Consequently, this paper argues for a fundamental change from the current paradigm of an expanding universe to one for a static universe. Some of the major consequences of Curvature Cosmology are listed.