Diffuse Galactic gamma ray flux at very high energy

TL;DR

This paper predicts the diffuse Galactic gamma ray flux at very high energies, exploring how cosmic ray spectra variations affect observations and the potential for future gamma-ray detectors to study cosmic ray properties across the Milky Way.

Contribution

It provides detailed predictions of the gamma ray flux at PeV energies under various cosmic ray distribution hypotheses, aiding interpretation of future observations.

Findings

Predicted gamma ray flux varies with cosmic ray spectral assumptions.

Absorption effects significantly distort gamma ray distributions at high energies.

Future detectors can test cosmic ray spectral uniformity across the Galaxy.

Abstract

The observation of the diffuse Galactic gamma ray flux is the most powerful tool to study cosmic rays in different regions of the Galaxy, because the energy and angular distributions of the photons encode information about the density and spectral shape of relativistic particles in the entire Milky Way. An open problem of fundamental importance is whether cosmic rays in distant regions of the Milky Way have the same spectral shape observed at the Earth or not. If the spectral shape of protons and nuclei is equal in all the Galaxy, the dominant, hadronic component of the diffuse gamma ray flux must have an angular distribution that, after correcting for absorption effects, is energy independent. To study experimentally the validity of this factorization of the energy and angular dependence of the diffuse flux it is necessary to compare observations in a very broad energy range. The extension of the observations to energies $E_\gamma \simeq 0.1$--10~PeV is of great interest, because it allows the study of the cosmic ray spectra around the feature known as the "knee". The absorption probability for photons in this energy range is not negligible, and distorts the energy and angular distributions of the diffuse flux, therefore a precise calculation of the absorption effects is necessary for the interpretation of the data. In this work we present predictions of the diffuse gamma ray flux at very high energy, constructed under different hypothesis for the space dependence of the cosmic ray energy spectra, and discuss the potential of the observations for present and future detectors.