Partitioned Factors in Christoffel and Sturmian Words

TL;DR

This paper extends the understanding of factors in Christoffel and Sturmian words by analyzing their partitionings into classes, providing methods to compute class sizes and frequencies, thus deepening the combinatorial and probabilistic understanding of these words.

Contribution

It introduces a novel analysis of partitioned factors in Christoffel and Sturmian words, including methods to compute class sizes and frequencies based on compositions.

Findings

Computed sizes of equivalence classes for Christoffel words.

Determined frequencies of classes in Sturmian words.

Extended previous results to partitioned factors under fixed decompositions.

Abstract

Borel and Reutenauer (2006) showed, \emph{inter alia}, that a word $w$ of length $n>1$ is conjugate to a Christoffel word if and only if for $k=0,1, \dots , n-1$, $w$ has $k+1$ distinct circular factors of length $k$. Sturmian words are the infinite counterparts to Christoffel words, characterized as aperiodic but of minimal complexity, i.e., for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ there are $n+1$ factors of length $n$. Berth\'{e} (1996) showed that the factors of a given length in the Sturmian case have at most three frequencies (probabilities). In this paper we extend to results on factors of both Christoffel words and Sturmian words under fixed partitionings (decompositions of factors of length $m$ into concatenations of words whose lengths are given by a composition of $m$ into $k$ components). Any factor of a Sturmian word (respectively, circular factor of a Christoffel word) thus partitioned into $k$ elements belongs to one of $k+1$ equivalence classes (varieties). We show how to compute the sizes of the equivalence classes determined by a composition in the case of Christoffel word, and show how to compute the frequencies of the classes in the case of Sturmian words. A version of the finitary case was proved in a very different context (expressed in musical and number-theoretical terms) by Clough and Myerson (1985, 1986); we use their terminology, \emph{variety} and \emph{multiplicity}.