Deciphering the local Interstellar spectra of primary cosmic ray species with HelMod

TL;DR

This paper derives local interstellar spectra of primary cosmic ray nuclei using combined propagation models and recent experimental data, providing a comprehensive understanding of cosmic ray behavior from interstellar space to Earth.

Contribution

It introduces an iterative maximum-likelihood method combining GALPROP and HelMod to accurately derive LIS across a wide energy range, accounting for solar modulation effects.

Findings

LIS of primary cosmic rays are consistent with Voyager 1 and other measurements.

The method accurately reproduces cosmic ray spectra at different solar modulation levels.

Derived propagation parameters align with previous analyses.

Abstract

Local interstellar spectra (LIS) of primary cosmic ray (CR) nuclei, such as helium, oxygen, and mostly primary carbon are derived for the rigidity range from 10 MV to ~200 TV using the most recent experimental results combined with the state-of-the-art models for CR propagation in the Galaxy and in the heliosphere. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined into a single framework that is used to reproduce direct measurements of CR species at different modulation levels, and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. The developed iterative maximum-likelihood method uses GALPROP-predicted LIS as input to HelMod, which provides the modulated spectra for specific time periods of the selected experiments for model-data comparison. The interstellar and heliospheric propagation parameters derived in this study are consistent with our prior analyses using the same methodology for propagation of CR protons, helium, antiprotons, and electrons. The resulting LIS accommodate a variety of measurements made in the local interstellar space (Voyager 1) and deep inside the heliosphere at low (ACE/CRIS, HEAO-3) and high energies (PAMELA, AMS-02).