Topology of one dimensional quantum systems out of equilibrium

TL;DR

This paper investigates how topological properties of one-dimensional quantum systems evolve out of equilibrium, revealing phenomena like dynamically-induced symmetry breaking and time-dependent bulk indices, with implications for experimental particle transport measurements.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of dynamically-induced symmetry breaking and analyzes how topological invariants can change during non-equilibrium evolution in 1D quantum systems.

Findings

Symmetries of initial states and Hamiltonians may not persist in the wavefunction over time.

Topological invariants can vary dynamically after a quench in non-interacting gapped phases.

Observable effects include changes in particle transport and entanglement spectrum.

Abstract

We study the topological properties of one dimensional systems undergoing unitary time evolution. We show that symmetries possessed both by the initial wavefunction and by the Hamiltonian at all times may not be present in the time-dependent wavefunction -- a phenomenon which we dub "dynamically-induced symmetry breaking". This leads to the possibility of a time-varying bulk index after quenching within non-interacting gapped topological phases. The consequences are observable experimentally through particle transport measurements. With reference to the entanglement spectrum, we explain how the topology of the wavefunction can change out of equilibrium, both for non-interacting fermions and for symmetry-protected topological phases protected by antiunitary symmetries.