Dual Spaces of Anisotropic Mixed-Norm Hardy Spaces

TL;DR

This paper characterizes the dual space of anisotropic mixed-norm Hardy spaces using Campanato spaces, solving a problem posed in prior research and extending the duality theory to these complex function spaces.

Contribution

The authors identify the dual space of anisotropic mixed-norm Hardy spaces as a specific Campanato space, providing a new duality result even for isotropic cases.

Findings

Dual space characterized as anisotropic mixed-norm Campanato space.

Applicable to both anisotropic and isotropic Hardy spaces.

Extends duality theory in harmonic analysis.

Abstract

Let $\vec{a}:=(a_1,\ldots,a_n)\in[1,\infty)^n$, $\vec{p}:=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in(0,\infty)^n$ and $H_{\vec{a}}^{\vec{p}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ be the anisotropic mixed-norm Hardy space associated with $\vec{a}$ defined via the non-tangential grand maximal function. In this article, the authors give the dual space of $H_{\vec{a}}^{\vec{p}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, which was asked by Cleanthous et al. in [J. Geom. Anal. 27 (2017), 2758-2787]. More precisely, via first introducing the anisotropic mixed-norm Campanato space $\mathcal{L}_{\vec{p},\,q,\,s}^{\vec{a}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ with $q\in[1,\infty]$ and $s\in\mathbb{Z}_+:=\{0,1,\ldots\}$, and applying the known atomic and finite atomic characterizations of $H_{\vec{a}}^{\vec{p}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, the authors prove that the dual space of $H_{\vec{a}}^{\vec{p}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is the space $\mathcal{L}_{\vec{p},\,r',\,s}^{\vec{a}}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ with $\vec{p}\in(0,1]^n$, $r\in(1,\infty]$, $1/r+1/r'=1$ and $s\in[\lfloor\frac{\nu}{a_-}(\frac{1}{p_-}-1) \rfloor,\infty)\cap\mathbb{Z}_+$, where $\nu:=a_1+\cdots+a_n$, $a_-:=\min\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$, $p_-:=\min\{p_1,\ldots,p_n\}$ and, for any $t\in \mathbb{R}$, $\lfloor t\rfloor$ denotes the largest integer not greater than $t$. This duality result is new even for the isotropic mixed-norm Hardy spaces on $\mathbb{R}^n$.