Quantum anomaly and 2D-3D crossover in strongly interacting Fermi gases

TL;DR

This study experimentally explores collective oscillations in strongly interacting Fermi gases across 2D to 3D dimensions, revealing a quantum anomaly that breaks classical scale invariance and observing the smooth transition of breathing mode frequencies.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental observation of quantum anomaly effects in the breathing mode of Fermi gases across dimensional crossover.

Findings

Breathing mode frequency deviates from scale-invariant prediction in 2D due to quantum anomaly.

Frequency evolves smoothly from 2D to 3D as dimensionality is tuned.

Breakdown of delta-potential model for atomic interactions in the 2D regime.

Abstract

We present an experimental investigation of collective oscillations in harmonically trapped Fermi gases through the crossover from two to three dimensions. Specifically, we measure the frequency of the radial monopole or breathing mode as a function of dimensionality in Fermi gases with tunable interactions. The frequency of this mode is set by the adiabatic compressibility and probes the thermodynamic equation of state. In 2D, a dynamical scaling symmetry for atoms interacting via a {\delta}-potential predicts the breathing mode to occur at exactly twice the harmonic confinement frequency. However, a renormalized quantum treatment introduces a new length scale which breaks this classical scale invariance resulting in a so-called quantum anomaly. Our measurements deep in the 2D regime lie above the scale-invariant prediction for a range of interaction strengths indicating the breakdown of a {\delta}-potential model for atomic interactions. As the dimensionality is tuned from 2D to 3D we see the breathing oscillation frequency evolve smoothly towards the 3D limit.