Neutron Star Kicks II: Revision and further testing of the conservation of momentum "kick" model

TL;DR

This paper revises a neutron star kick model based on new velocity data, tests it with synthetic populations, and estimates merger rates for neutron star and black hole binaries.

Contribution

It updates the neutron star kick formula parameters using 2D velocity data and validates it through synthetic population simulations and merger rate predictions.

Findings

Revised kick parameters: alpha=100 km/s, beta=-170 km/s.

Synthetic populations match observed runaway and DNS distributions.

Estimated DNS merger rate: 3,864 Gpc^-3 yr^-1.

Abstract

In Bray and Eldridge (2017), we proposed a simple neutron star kick formula, v kick = alpha (M ejecta / M remnant) + beta to explain the observed 2D velocities of young single neutron stars. Using this kick we found that there is no statistically significant preference for a kick orientation nor for any of the three initial mass function (IMF) slopes tested, and that populations including binary stars reproduced the kick distribution better than single star only populations. However, recent analysis by Janka (2017), prompted us to revisit our basic assumptions and our new analysis has led to revised best-fit kick values of alpha=100 km per second and beta = -170 km per second. The reduction of beta to a negative value is due to using the 2D observed kick velocity distribution rather than the modelled 3D velocity distribution for neutron stars (NS). To further test the validity of the new kick, we have created synthetic populations of runaway star and double neutron star (DNS) binaries at solar metallicity (Z=0.02) using our best-fit kick. We find our new kick values create runaway star velocities and DNS period distributions in agreement with the comparable observational distributions with only the DNS eccentricities in tension with the observations. From our DNS and BH-BH datasets we estimate a predicted DNS merger rate at solar metallicity of 3,864 (+1,570/-2,371) per cubic Gpc per yr and a BH-BH merger rate of 5 (+40/-1) per cubic Gpc per yr.