Entangled-photon decision maker
Nicolas Chauvet, David Jegouso, Beno\^it Boulanger, Hayato Saigo,, Kazuya Okamura, Hirokazu Hori, Aur\'elien Drezet, Serge Huant, Guillaume, Bachelier, Makoto Naruse

TL;DR
This paper demonstrates that entangled photons can physically solve the multi-armed bandit problem for two players, maximizing social benefits and preventing deception, with potential applications in quantum-based collective decision making.
Contribution
It provides experimental evidence that entangled photons can resolve the CMAB problem, ensuring fairness and preventing deception, advancing quantum approaches to collective decision making.
Findings
Entangled photons physically resolve the 2-player CMAB problem.
Deception cannot be achieved with entangled photon systems.
Random polarization-correlated photons also ensure fairness, but with reduced performance.
Abstract
The competitive multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem is related to social issues such as maximizing total social benefits while preserving equality among individuals by overcoming conflicts between individual decisions, which could seriously decrease social benefits. The study described herein provides experimental evidence that entangled photons physically resolve the CMAB in the 2-arms 2-players case, maximizing the social rewards while ensuring equality. Moreover, we demonstrated that deception, or outperforming the other player by receiving a greater reward, cannot be accomplished in a polarization-entangled-photon-based system, while deception is achievable in systems based on classical polarization-correlated photons with fixed polarizations. Besides, random polarization-correlated photons have been studied numerically and shown to ensure equality between players and deception…
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