Axial quasi-normal modes of neutron stars in $R^2$ gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates how axial quasi-normal modes of neutron stars are affected in $f(R)$ gravity, revealing that mode frequencies and damping times decrease with the theory's free parameter, and establishes universal relations for gravitational wave asteroseismology.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of neutron star oscillations in $f(R)$ gravity using multiple methods and constructs universal relations that are largely independent of the equation of state.

Findings

Mode frequencies decrease with the free parameter of $f(R)$ gravity.

Damping times show significant differences only for massive neutron stars.

Universal asteroseismology relations are preserved in $f(R)$ gravity.

Abstract

In the present paper the axial quasi-normal modes of neutron stars in $f(R)$ gravity are examined using a large set of equations of state. The numerical calculations are made using two different approaches -- performing time evolution of the perturbation equations and solving the time-independent representation of the equations as a boundary value problem. According to the results the mode frequencies and the damping times decrease with the increase of the free parameter of the theory in comparison to the pure general relativistic case. While the frequencies deviate significantly from Einstein's theory for all realistic neutron star masses (say above $1M_\odot$), the damping times reach non-negligible differences only for the more massive models. We have constructed as well universal (equation of state independent) gravitational wave asteroseismology relations involving the frequencies and the damping times. It turns out that the equation of state independence is preserved using the same normalization as in pure general relativity and the qualitative differences of the phenomenological relations with respect to Einstein's theory of gravity can be large for large values of the free parameter in $f(R)$ gravity.