Effective Approaches to QCD

TL;DR

This paper reviews established models of the QCD vacuum and confinement mechanisms, including magnetic monopole condensation, center vortices, and the Gribov--Zwanziger approach, supported by lattice evidence and Hamiltonian methods.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of multiple confinement pictures in QCD, connecting lattice results with theoretical frameworks and exploring finite temperature effects.

Findings

Lattice evidence supports center vortices as key to confinement.

Magnetic monopoles arise via Abelian projection in QCD.

Hamiltonian approach links Gribov--Zwanziger and dual Meissner effects.

Abstract

In this lecture I will explain the established pictures of the QCD vacuum and, in particular, the underlying confinement mechanism. These are: the magnetic monopole condensation (dual Mei\ss ner effect), the center vortex picture and the Gribov--Zwanziger picture. I will start by giving a survey of the common order and disorder parameters of confinement: the temporal and spatial Wilson loop, the Polyakov loop and the 't Hooft loop. Next the dual Mei\ss ner effect, which assumes a condensate of magnetic monopoles, will be explained as a picture of confinement. I will also show how magnetic monopoles arises in QCD after the so-called Abelian projection. The second lecture is devoted to the center vortex picture of confinement. Center vortices will be defined both on the lattice and in the continuum. Within the center vortex picture the emergence of the area law for the Wilson loop as well as the deconfinement phase transition at finite temperature will be explained. Furthermore, lattice evidence for the center vortex picture will be provided. Finally, I will discuss the topological properties of center vortices and their relation to magnetic monopoles. I will provide evidence from lattice calculations that center vortices are not only responsible for confinement but also for the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry. In the last lecture I will present the Hamiltonian approach to QCD in Coulomb gauge, which is then used to establish the Gribov--Zwanziger picture of confinement. Furthermore, I will also relate this scenario to the dual Mei\ss ner effect and the center vortex picture. Finally, I will study QCD at finite temperature within the Hamiltonian approach in a novel way by compactifying one spatial dimension. The Polyakov loop and the dual and chiral quark condensates will be evaluated as function of the temperature.