Blinded by the light: on the relationship between CO first overtone emission and mass accretion rate in massive young stellar objects

TL;DR

This study explores how the mass accretion rate in massive young stellar objects influences the detectability of CO first overtone emission, revealing that moderate accretion rates favor observable emission features.

Contribution

It introduces an analytic model linking accretion rates to CO emission visibility, explaining the non-ubiquity of CO bandhead detection in MYSOs spectra.

Findings

High accretion rates lead to lower CO emission due to larger dust sublimation radii.

Low accretion rates also result in weak CO emission because of smaller emitting areas.

Moderate accretion rates produce the most detectable CO bandhead emission.

Abstract

To date, there is no explanation as to why disc-tracing CO first overtone (or `bandhead') emission is not a ubiquitous feature in low- to medium-resolution spectra of massive young stellar objects, but instead is only detected toward approximately 25 per cent of their spectra. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that only certain mass accretion rates result in detectable bandhead emission in the near infrared spectra of MYSOs. Using an analytic disc model combined with an LTE model of the CO emission, we find that high accretion rates ($\gtrsim 10^{-4}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$) result in large dust sublimation radii, a larger contribution to the $K$-band continuum from hot dust at the dust sublimation radius, and therefore correspondingly lower CO emission with respect to the continuum. On the other hand, low accretion rates ($\lesssim10^{-6}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$) result in smaller dust sublimation radii, a correspondingly smaller emitting area of CO, and thus also lower CO emission with respect to the continuum. In general, moderate accretion rates produce the most prominent, and therefore detectable, CO first overtone emission. We compare our findings to a recent near-infrared spectroscopic survey of MYSOs, finding results consistent with our hypothesis. We conclude that the detection rate of CO bandhead emission in the spectra of MYSOs could be the result of MYSOs exhibiting a range of mass accretion rates, perhaps due to the variable accretion suggested by recent multi-epoch observations of these objects.