Confinement transition of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theories coupled to massless fermions: emergent QCD$_3$ and $SO(5)$ symmetry

TL;DR

This paper investigates a continuous confinement transition in a $ ext{Z}_2$ gauge theory coupled to massless fermions, revealing an emergent $SO(5)$ symmetry and proposing a novel field theory description involving non-abelian gauge fields.

Contribution

It provides numerical evidence for a direct, continuous confinement transition with emergent $SO(5)$ symmetry and develops a new field theory model involving an $SU(2)$ gauge theory and a matrix Higgs field.

Findings

Evidence for a direct, continuous confinement transition.

Observation of an emergent $SO(5)$ symmetry near criticality.

Development of a field theory involving non-abelian gauge fields and a Higgs field.

Abstract

We study a model of fermions on the square lattice at half-filling coupled to an Ising gauge theory, that was recently shown in Monte Carlo simulations to exhibit $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological order and massless Dirac fermion excitations. On tuning parameters, a confining phase with broken symmetry (an antiferromagnet in one choice of Hamiltonian) was also established, and the transition between these phases was found to be continuous, with co-incident onset of symmetry breaking and confinement. While the confinement transition in pure gauge theories is well understood in terms of condensing magnetic flux excitations, the same transition in the presence of gapless fermions is a challenging problem owing to the statistical interactions between fermions and the condensing flux excitations. The conventional scenario then proceeds via a two step transition, involving a symmetry breaking transition leading to gapped fermions followed by confinement. In contrast, here, using large scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we provide further evidence for a direct, continuous transition and also find numerical evidence for an enlarged $SO(5)$ symmetry rotating between antiferromagnetism and valence bond solid orders proximate to criticality. Guided by our numerical finding, we develop a field theory description of the direct transition involving an emergent non-abelian ($SU(2)$) gauge theory and a matrix Higgs field. We contrast our results with the conventional Gross--Neveu--Yukawa transition.