Strongly interacting soliton gas and formation of rogue waves

TL;DR

This paper investigates the statistical properties and rogue wave formation in a soliton gas modeled by the focusing 1D NLS equation, revealing how soliton density influences energy, spectrum, and extreme wave events.

Contribution

It provides a detailed numerical analysis of soliton gas behavior, including deviations from analytical relations and the connection to Peregrine rogue wave profiles.

Findings

Increased soliton density leads to stronger interactions and deviations from analytical energy relations.

Wave-action spectrum widens and decays exponentially with higher soliton density and velocities.

Rogue waves often resemble multi-soliton collisions similar to Peregrine solutions.

Abstract

We study numerically the properties of (statistically) homogeneous soliton gas depending on soliton density (proportional to number of solitons per unit length) and soliton velocities, in the framework of the focusing one-dimensional Nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger (NLS) equation. In order to model such gas we use N-soliton solutions (N-SS) with $N\sim 100$, which we generate with specific implementation of the dressing method combined with 100-digits arithmetics. We examine the major statistical characteristics, in particular the kinetic and potential energies, the kurtosis, the wave-action spectrum and the probability density function (PDF) of wave intensity. We show that in the case of small soliton density the kinetic and potential energies, as well as the kurtosis, are very well described by the analytical relations derived without taking into account soliton interactions. With increasing soliton density and velocities, soliton interactions enhance, and we observe increasing deviations from these relations leading to increased absolute values for all of these three characteristics. The wave-action spectrum is smooth, decays close to exponentially at large wavenumbers and widens with increasing soliton density and velocities. The PDF of wave intensity deviates from the exponential (Rayleigh) PDF drastically for rarefied soliton gas, transforming much closer to it at densities corresponding to essential interaction between the solitons. Rogue waves emerging in soliton gas are multi-soliton collisions, and yet some of them have spatial profiles very similar to those of the Peregrine solutions of different orders. We present example of three-soliton collision, for which even the temporal behavior of the maximal amplitude is very well approximated by the Peregrine solution of the second order.