New Y and T dwarfs from WISE identified by Methane Imaging

TL;DR

This study uses methane imaging with WISE data to identify and classify new Y and T brown dwarfs, improving detection methods and spectral typing accuracy for these ultra-cool objects.

Contribution

It introduces a novel methane imaging technique with specific filters to efficiently identify and classify Y and T brown dwarfs from WISE data, with new calibration relations.

Findings

Identified 23 new ultra-cool dwarfs spectroscopically.

Developed calibration relations for spectral typing based on methane and WISE colours.

Found methane colours are effective for detection and classification at certain magnitudes.

Abstract

We identify new Y- and T-type brown dwarfs from the WISE All Sky data release using images obtained in filters that divide the traditional near-infrared H and J bands into two halves -- specifically CH4s & CH4l in the H and J2 & J3 in the J. This proves to be very effective at identifying cool brown dwarfs via the detection of their methane absorption, as well as providing preliminary classification using methane colours and WISE-to-near-infrared colours. New and updated calibrations between T/Y spectral types and CH4s-CH4l, J3-W2, and CH4s-W2 colours are derived, producing classification estimates good to a few spectral sub-types. We present photometry for a large sample of T and Y dwarfs in these filters, together with spectroscopy for 23 new ultra-cool dwarfs - two Y dwarfs and twenty one T dwarfs. We identify a further 8 new cool brown dwarfs, which we have high confidence are T dwarfs based on their methane photometry. We find that, for objects observed on a 4m-class telescope at J band magnitudes of ~20 or brighter, CH4s-CH4l is the more powerful colour for detecting objects and then estimating spectral types. Due to the lower sky background in the J-band, the J3 and J2 bands are more useful for identifying fainter cool dwarfs at J>22. The J3-J2 colour is poor at estimating spectral types. But fortunately, once J3-J2 confirms that an object is a cool dwarf, the J3-W2 colour is very effective at estimating approximate spectral types.