Identification of activity peaks in time-tagged data with a scan-statistics driven clustering method and its application to gamma-ray data samples

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel unbinned, scan-statistics driven clustering method for detecting activity peaks in time-tagged data, specifically applied to gamma-ray sources, overcoming limitations of traditional binned light-curve analysis.

Contribution

The paper presents a new unbinned, event clustering and scan-statistics method for identifying statistically significant flares in gamma-ray data, applicable to known and unknown sources.

Findings

Method successfully detects flares in gamma-ray data.

Results comparable to standard likelihood analysis.

Peak detection is unaffected by time-binning issues.

Abstract

The investigation of activity periods in time-tagged data-samples is a topic of large interest. Among Astrophysical samples, gamma-ray sources are widely studied, due to the huge quasi-continuum data set available today from the FERMI-LAT and AGILE-GRID gamma-ray telescopes. To reveal flaring episodes of a given gamma-ray source, researchers make use of binned light-curves. This method suffers several drawbacks: the results depends on time-binning, the identification of activity periods is difficult for bins with low signal to noise ratio. I developed a general temporal-unbinned method to identify flaring periods in time-tagged data and discriminate statistically-significant flares: I propose an event clustering method in one-dimension to identify flaring episodes, and Scan-statistics to evaluate the flare significance within the whole data sample. This is a photometric algorithm. The comparison of the photometric results (e.g., photometric flux, gamma-ray spatial distribution) for the identified peaks with the standard likelihood analysis for the same period is mandatory to establish if source-confusion is spoiling results. The procedure can be applied to reveal flares in any time-tagged data sample. The study of the gamma ray activity of 3C 454.3 and of the fast variability of the Crab Nebula are shown as examples. The result of the proposed method is similar to a photometric light curve, but peaks are resolved, they are statistically significant within the whole period of investigation, and peak detection capability does not suffer time-binning related issues. The method can be applied for gamma-ray sources of known celestial position. Furthermore the method can be used when it is necessary to assess the statistical significance within the whole period of investigation of a flare from an unknown gamma-ray source.