Thin or bulky: optimal aspect ratios for ship hulls

TL;DR

This paper develops a minimal theoretical model to determine optimal ship hull aspect ratios by balancing wave drag, pressure drag, and skin friction, validated against empirical data.

Contribution

It introduces a simple theoretical framework for hull optimization that considers multiple drag components and compares results with real-world hull data.

Findings

Optimal aspect ratios depend on a balance of drag forces.

Slender hulls reduce wave and pressure drag.

Bulky hulls minimize skin friction.

Abstract

Empirical data reveals a broad variety of hull shapes among the different ship categories. We present a minimal theoretical approach to address the problem of ship hull optimisation. We show that optimal hull aspect ratios result -- at given load and propulsive power -- from a subtle balance between wave drag, pressure drag and skin friction. Slender hulls are more favourable in terms of wave drag and pressure drag, while bulky hulls have a smaller wetted surface for a given immersed volume, by that reducing skin friction. We confront our theoretical results to real data and discuss discrepancies in the light of hull designer constraints, such as stability or manoeuvrability.