Proto-jets configurations in RADs orbiting a Kerr SMBH: symmetries and limiting surfaces

TL;DR

This paper investigates the symmetries and limiting surfaces of proto-jet configurations in ringed accretion disks around Kerr supermassive black holes, highlighting their role in jet formation and stability.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of open equipotential surfaces and their instabilities in RADs, linking these features to jet emergence and black hole spin effects.

Findings

Open equipotential surfaces can lead to jet-like instabilities.

Boundary limiting surfaces are connected to the black hole's spin.

Instabilities are relevant for understanding AGN outflows.

Abstract

Ringed accretion disks (RADs) are agglomerations of perfect-fluid tori orbiting around a single central attractor that could arise during complex matter inflows in active galactic nuclei. We focus our analysis to axi-symmetric accretion tori orbiting in the equatorial plane of a supermassive Kerr black hole; equilibrium configurations, possible instabilities, and evolutionary sequences of RADs were discussed in our previous works. In the present work we discuss special instabilities related to open equipotential surfaces governing the material funnels emerging at various regions of the RADs, being located between two or more individual toroidal configurations of the agglomerate. These open structures could be associated to proto-jets. Boundary limiting surfaces are highlighted, connecting the emergency of the jet-like instabilities with the black hole dimensionless spin. These instabilities are observationally significant for active galactic nuclei, being related to outflows of matter in jets emerging from more than one torus of RADs orbiting around supermassive black holes.