Hydrogen energy-levels shifts induced by the atom motion. Crossover from the Lamb shifts to the motion-induced shifts

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the motion of a hydrogen atom causes energy level shifts, transitioning from Lamb shifts to motion-induced shifts, with a proposed experiment to observe these effects using Earth's orbital velocity.

Contribution

It derives velocity-dependent operators affecting hydrogen energy levels and analyzes the crossover from Lamb shifts to motion-induced shifts, highlighting the off-diagonal energy corrections.

Findings

Velocity-dependent interactions remove degeneracy of hydrogen energy levels.

Crossover from Lamb shifts to motion-induced shifts occurs at v=kα^2c.

Proposes an experiment using Earth's orbital motion to test the theory.

Abstract

When the hydrogen atom moves, the proton current generates a magnetic field which interacts with the hydrogen electron. A simple analyze shows that this interaction between the hydrogen momentum and the electron is of order of $\alpha^3\frac{v}{c}m$, where $\alpha$ is the fine structure constant, $v$ is the atom velocity, $c$ is the speed of light, and $m$ is the electron mass. Using the Bethe-Salpeter equation, the two velocity-dependent operators of this order are derived for the hydrogen velocity $\frac{v}{c}<<\alpha$. As well known, the degeneracy of the energy levels with the same principal quantum number, $n$, and the same quantum number of the total angular momentum, $j$, but the different orbital angular momenta $l=j\pm 1/2$ is removed by the radiative corrections (the Lamb shift) that are proportional to $\alpha^{5}m$. It is shown that the velocity-dependent perturbation interactions remove this degeneracy as well. There is, however, an important difference between the Lamb shifts and the energy-levels shifts induced by the atom motion. The Lamb shift is the diagonal correction to the energy separately for each of the degenerate states. The the velocity-dependent perturbation interactions result in the off-diagonal energy corrections between the mutually degenerate states. The joint effect of these two perturbations which are essentially different in their origin, is analyzed. Given their order of magnitude, the crossover from the Lamb shifts to the motion-induced shifts should occur at the atom velocity $v=k\alpha^2 c$, where $k>>1$ is a numerical factor depended on $n$ and $j$. An experiment used the orbital motion of the Earth, is proposed to test the theory developed.