The generating function of planar Eulerian orientations

TL;DR

This paper provides a novel enumeration of planar Eulerian orientations and 4-valent cases, deriving their generating functions and asymptotic behaviour, revealing their differential algebraic nature and uncovering unexpected combinatorial connections.

Contribution

It introduces new generating function expressions for planar Eulerian orientations using hypergeometric series and proves their asymptotic behaviour, showing they are differentially algebraic but not D-finite.

Findings

Generated functions expressed as inverses of hypergeometric series

Asymptotic growth rate $^n /(n \u03bb n)^2$ established

Connections with maps having spanning trees are observed

Abstract

The enumeration of planar maps equipped with an Eulerian orientation has attracted attention in both combinatorics and theoretical physics since at least 2000. The case of 4-valent maps is particularly interesting: these orientations are in bijection with properly 3-coloured quadrangulations, while in physics they correspond to configurations of the ice model. We solve both problems -- namely the enumeration of planar Eulerian orientations and of 4-valent planar Eulerian orientations -- by expressing the associated generating functions as the inverses (for the composition of series) of simple hypergeometric series. Using these expressions, we derive the asymptotic behaviour of the number of planar Eulerian orientations, thus proving earlier predictions of Kostov, Zinn-Justin, Elvey Price and Guttmann. This behaviour, $\mu^n /(n \log n)^2$, prevents the associated generating functions from being D-finite. Still, these generating functions are differentially algebraic, as they satisfy non-linear differential equations of order $2$. Differential algebraicity has recently been proved for other map problems, in particular for maps equipped with a Potts model. Our solutions mix recursive and bijective ingredients. In particular, a preliminary bijection transforms our oriented maps into maps carrying a height function on their vertices. In the 4-valent case, we also observe an unexpected connection with the enumeration of maps equipped with a spanning tree that is internally inactive in the sense of Tutte. This connection remains to be explained combinatorially.