Dissipation by normal-metal traps in transmon qubits

TL;DR

This paper investigates how normal-metal traps used to evacuate quasiparticles in superconducting qubits can themselves cause relaxation, analyzing mechanisms like ohmic losses and tunnelling currents, and finds they generally do not degrade qubit quality.

Contribution

The study identifies and quantifies the relaxation mechanisms introduced by normal-metal traps in transmon qubits, showing they typically do not affect qubit quality factors.

Findings

Ohmic losses depend on device and trap geometry.

Tunnelling current effects are sensitive to quasiparticle distribution.

Normal-metal traps do not significantly impact qubit quality factors.

Abstract

Quasiparticles are an intrinsic source of relaxation and decoherence for superconducting qubits. Recent works have shown that normal-metal traps may be used to evacuate quasiparticles, and potentially improve the qubit life time. Here, we investigate how far the normal metals themselves may introduce qubit relaxation. We identify the ohmic losses inside the normal metal and the tunnelling current through the normal metal-superconductor interface as the relevant relaxation mechanisms. We show that the ohmic loss contribution depends strongly on the device and trap geometry, as a result of the inhomogeneous electric fields in the qubit. The correction of the quality factor due to the tunnelling current on the other hand is highly sensitive to the nonequilibrium distribution function of the quasiparticles. Overall, we show that even when choosing less than optimal parameters, the presence of normal-metal traps does not affect the quality factor of state-of-the-art qubits.