Surfactant-induced-retardation in lateral migration of droplets in a microfluidic confinement

TL;DR

This study investigates how surfactants affect the lateral migration of droplets in microfluidic channels, showing that surfactants significantly slow down droplet movement and that this effect depends on droplet size, surfactant concentration, and initial position.

Contribution

It provides a combined experimental and theoretical analysis of surfactant effects on droplet migration, highlighting size and concentration dependencies not previously detailed.

Findings

Surfactants reduce droplet cross-stream migration velocity.

Larger droplets experience greater retardation due to surfactants.

Higher surfactant concentration increases migration retardation.

Abstract

In the present study, the role of surfactants on the cross-stream migration of droplets is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. For experimental analysis, sunflower oil is used as the carrier phase and DI water as the dispersed phase which is intermixed with Triton X-100 that acts as the surfactant. A T-junction is used in the microchannel for the purpose of droplet generation. Presence of an imposed pressure driven flow induces droplet deformation and disturbs the equilibrium that results in subsequent surfactant-redistribution along the interface. This further induces a gradient in the surface tension, thus generating a Marangoni stress that significantly alters the droplet dynamics. On subsequent experimental investigation, it is found that presence of surfactants reduces the cross-stream migration velocity of the droplet. Further, it is shown that the effect of surfactants in reducing the cross-stream migration is significantly enhanced for a larger droplet as compared to a smaller one within the same time span, provided the channel height is kept constant. In addition, a larger surfactant concentration is found to induce a greater retardation in cross-stream migration of the droplet, the effect of which is reduced when the initial transverse position of the droplet is shifted closer to the channel centerline. The present analysis can be applied to various droplet based microfluidic as well as medical diagnostic devices where manipulation of droplet trajectory is a major issue. For the theoretical counterpart, an asymptotic approach is adopted in the presence of bulk-insoluble surfactants and under the assumption of negligible fluid inertia. A good match between our theoretical prediction and the experimental results is obtained.