Stripped-envelope supernova SN 2004dk is now interacting with hydrogen-rich circumstellar material

TL;DR

This study presents deep late-time spectra of supernova SN 2004dk, revealing ongoing interaction with hydrogen-rich circumstellar material, shedding light on pre-supernova mass loss processes and the evolution of stripped-envelope supernovae.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed late-time spectral analysis of SN 2004dk showing interaction with hydrogen-rich CSM, and compares it with other supernovae to understand mass loss history.

Findings

Detection of the highest late-time H-alpha luminosity for a supernova

Spectral features consistent with CSM energized by the forward shock

Evidence of a slow dense wind followed by a Wolf-Rayet phase before explosion

Abstract

The dominant mechanism and time scales over which stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) progenitor stars shed their hydrogen envelopes are uncertain. Observations of Type Ib and Ic SNe at late phases could reveal the optical signatures of interaction with distant circumstellar material (CSM) providing important clues on the origin of the necessary pre-SN mass loss. We report deep late-time optical spectroscopy of the Type Ib explosion SN 2004dk 4684 days (13 years) after discovery. Prominent intermediate-width H-alpha emission is detected, signaling that the SN blast wave has caught up with the hydrogen-rich CSM lost by the progenitor system. The line luminosity is the highest ever reported for a SN at this late stage. Prominent emission features of He, Fe, and Ca are also detected. The spectral characteristics are consistent with CSM energized by the forward shock, and resemble the late-time spectra of the persistently interacting Type IIn SNe 2005ip and 1988Z. We suggest that the onset of interaction with H-rich CSM was associated with a previously reported radio rebrightening at ~1700 days. The data indicate that the mode of pre-SN mass loss was a relatively slow dense wind that persisted millennia before the SN, followed by a short-lived Wolf-Rayet phase that preceded core-collapse and created a cavity within an extended distribution of CSM. We also present new spectra of SNe 2014C, PTF11iqb, and 2009ip, all of which also exhibit continued interaction with extended CSM distributions.