Spectral Estimation of Plasma Fluctuations II: Nonstationary Analysis of ELM Spectra

TL;DR

This paper develops and applies advanced spectral analysis methods to nonstationary plasma fluctuations, particularly ELM instabilities, revealing detailed spectral evolution and precursors that improve understanding and prediction of ELM behavior.

Contribution

It introduces novel nonstationary analysis techniques, including autoregressive filtering and singular value decomposition, to study ELM spectra and their precursors in plasma edge fluctuations.

Findings

ELM spectra are broader and more symmetric during ELMs.

Precursor bursts occurring 1 ms before ELMs can predict ELM occurrence with high accuracy.

Fluctuation levels in ion drift direction increase exponentially after ELMs.

Abstract

Several analysis methods for nonstationary fluctuations are described and applied to the edge localized mode (ELM) instabilities of limiter H-mode plasmas. The microwave scattering diagnostic observes poloidal $k_{\theta}$ values of 3.3 cm$^{-1}$, averaged over a 20 cm region at the plasma edge.A short autoregressive filter enhances the nonstationary component of the plasma fluctuations by removing much of the background level of stationary fluctuations. Between ELMs, the spectrum predominantly consists of broad-banded 300-700 kHz fluctuations propagating in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, indicating the presence of a negative electric field near the plasma edge. The time-frequency spectrogram is computed with the multiple taper technique. By using the singular value decomposition of the spectrogram, it is shown that the spectrum during the ELM is broader and more symmetric than that of the stationary spectrum. The ELM period and the evolution of the spectrum between ELMs varies from discharge to discharge. For the discharge under consideration which has distinct ELMs with a 1 msec period, the spectrum has a maximum in the electron drift direction which relaxes to a near constant value %its characteristic shape in the first half millisecond after the end of the ELM and then grows slowly. In contrast, the level of the fluctuations in the ion drift direction increases exponentially by a factor of eight in the five milliseconds~after the ELM. High frequency precursors are found which occur one millisecond before the ELMs and propagate in the ion drift direction. These precursors are very short ($\sim 10 \mu$secs), coherent bursts, and they predict the occurrence of an ELM with a high success rate.