Characterization of the Infrared/X-ray sub-second variability for the black-hole transient GX 339-4

TL;DR

This study characterizes the sub-second infrared and X-ray variability of the black-hole transient GX 339-4, revealing correlations, time lags, and a linear rms-flux relation, advancing understanding of jet and accretion processes.

Contribution

First detailed characterization of near-infrared sub-second variability and its correlation with X-rays in a low-mass X-ray binary, including the detection of a linear rms-flux relation in jet emission.

Findings

Power-law correlation between X-ray and IR fluxes on 16s timescales.

Approximately 0.1s IR time lag with high coherence.

First detection of linear rms-flux relation in jet emission.

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis of the X-ray/IR fast variability of the Black-Hole Transient GX 339-4 during its low/hard state in August 2008. Thanks to simultaneous high time-resolution observations made with the VLT and RXTE, we performed the first characterisation of the sub-second variability in the near-infrared band - and of its correlation with the X-rays - for a low-mass X-ray binary, using both time and frequency-domain techniques. We found a power-law correlation between the X-ray and infrared fluxes when measured on timescales of 16 seconds, with a marginally variable slope, steeper than the one found on timescales of days at similar flux levels. We suggest the variable slope - if confirmed - could be due to the infrared flux being a non-constant combination of both optically thin and optically thick synchrotron emission from the jet, as a result of a variable self-absorption break. From cross spectral analysis we found an approximately constant infrared time lag of $\approx$ 0.1s, and a very high coherence of $\approx$ 90 per cent on timescales of tens of seconds, slowly decreasing toward higher frequencies. Finally, we report on the first detection of a linear rms-flux relation in the emission from a low-mass X-ray binary jet, on timescales where little correlation is found between the X-rays and the jet emission itself. This suggests that either the inflow variations and jet IR emission are coupled by a non-linear or time-variable transform, or that the IR rms-flux relation is not transferred from the inflow to the jet, but is an intrinsic property of emission processes in the jet.