# Predicting antimicrobial drug consumption using web search data

## TL;DR

This paper explores using web search data to predict antimicrobial drug consumption, offering a potential alternative surveillance method especially useful in regions lacking centralized data collection.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel approach combining web search queries and purchase data to predict antimicrobial use, with a new query selection method from open web sources.

## Key findings

- Web search data predictions are nearly as accurate as purchase data.
- Combining web search and purchase data yields the best prediction accuracy.
- Web-based prediction methods are valuable where traditional surveillance is lacking.

## Abstract

Consumption of antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics, is linked with antimicrobial resistance. Surveillance of antimicrobial drug consumption is therefore an important element in dealing with antimicrobial resistance. Many countries lack sufficient surveillance systems. Usage of web mined data therefore has the potential to improve current surveillance methods. To this end, we study how well antimicrobial drug consumption can be predicted based on web search queries, compared to historical purchase data of antimicrobial drugs. We present two prediction models (linear Elastic Net, and non-linear Gaussian Processes), which we train and evaluate on almost 6 years of weekly antimicrobial drug consumption data from Denmark and web search data from Google Health Trends. We present a novel method of selecting web search queries by considering diseases and drugs linked to antimicrobials, as well as professional and layman descriptions of antimicrobial drugs, all of which we mine from the open web. We find that predictions based on web search data are marginally more erroneous but overall on a par with predictions based on purchases of antimicrobial drugs. This marginal difference corresponds to $<1$\% point mean absolute error in weekly usage. Best predictions are reported when combining both web search and purchase data. This study contributes a novel alternative solution to the real-life problem of predicting (and hence monitoring) antimicrobial drug consumption, which is particularly valuable in countries/states lacking centralised and timely surveillance systems.