Testing the Equivalence Principle in space after the MICROSCOPE mission

TL;DR

The MICROSCOPE mission successfully tested the Weak Equivalence Principle in space, achieving unprecedented precision and highlighting the potential for future experiments to reach even higher sensitivities in fundamental physics tests.

Contribution

This paper reports the first successful space-based test of the Weak Equivalence Principle with results surpassing ground tests, and discusses improvements and future experiment designs.

Findings

No violation detected at 1 part in 1e14 precision.

Thermal noise limits current sensitivity but can be reduced with faster rotation.

Future experiments like 'Galileo Galilei' aim for 1 part in 1e17 sensitivity.

Abstract

Tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle can reveal a new, composition dependent, force of nature or disprove many models of new physics. For the first time such a test is successfully carried out in space by the MICROSCOPE satellite. Early results show no violation sourced by the Earth for Pt and Ti test masses with random errors (after 8.26d of integration time) of about 1 part in 1e14, and similar systematic errors.It improves by 10 times over the best ground tests with rotating torsion balances despite 70 times less sensitivity to differential accelerations, thanks to the much stronger driving signal in orbit. The test is limited by thermal noise from internal damping in the gold wires used for electrical grounding. This noise was shown to decrease when the s/c was set to rotate faster than planned. The result will improve by the end of the mission, as thermal noise decreases with more data. Not so systematic errors. We investigate major non-gravitational effects and find that the Pt-Pt sensor does not allow their separation from the signal. The early test reports an upper limit of systematic errors in the Pt-Ti sensor which are not detected in the Pt-Pt one, hence would not be distinguished from a violation. Once all the integration time is used to reduce random noise there will be no time left to check systematics. MICROSCOPE demonstrates the huge potential of space for WEP tests of very high precision and indicates how to reach it. To realize the potential, a new experiment needs the spacecraft to be in rapid, stable rotation around the symmetry axis, needs high quality state-of-the-art mechanical suspensions, and must allow systematic checks. The design of the "Galileo Galilei" (GG) experiment, aiming to test the WEP to 1 part in 1e17 unites all the needed features, indicating that a quantum leap in space is possible provided the new experiment heeds the lessons of MICROSCOPE.