A single atom noise probe operating beyond the Heisenberg limit

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that a single laser-cooled ion can measure frequency noise with uncertainty scaling better than the Heisenberg limit for time-independent Hamiltonians, enabling new dark matter detection methods.

Contribution

The authors show a novel measurement protocol with a single ion surpassing the Heisenberg limit for time-dependent Hamiltonians, enabling enhanced noise sensitivity.

Findings

Frequency measurement uncertainty scales as 1/T^{1.75}

Precise noise frequency measurement in the kHz range

Potential application in dark matter detection

Abstract

According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the energy or frequency uncertainty of a measurement can be at the best inversely proportional to the observation time ($T$). The observation time in an experiment using a quantum mechanical probe is ultimately limited by the coherence time of the probe. Therefore the inverse proportionality of the statistical uncertainty of a frequency measurement to the observation time is also limited up to the coherence time of the probe, provided the systematic uncertainties are well below the statistical uncertainties. With a single laser-cooled barium ion as a quantum probe, we show that the uncertainty in the frequency measurement for a general time-dependent Hamiltonian scales as $1/T^{1.75\pm 0.03}$ as opposed to $1/T$, given by the Heisenberg limit for time-independent Hamiltonian. These measurements, based on controlled feedback Hamiltonian and implemented on a laser cooled single ion, allowed precise measurement of noise frequency in the kHz range. Moreover, based on the observed sensitivity of a single ion experiment presented here, we propose the use of a similar protocol with enhanced sensitivity as a tool to directly verify the existence of certain types of light mass axion-like dark matter particles where no direct measurement protocol exists.